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Pre-Colonial Coinage at the Museum of the World

Jed Cogan

During the heat of the Coronavirus Pandemic, many institutions -- such as museums -- were forced to reinvent themselves. In line with this trend, The British Museum, a world-renowned institution, teamed up with the Google Cultural Institute to create what they entitled “The Museum of the World” (https://britishmuseum.withgoogle.com). The interactive exposition provides the viewer with a similar degree of autonomy that he or she would experience in person: an individual is able to choose from over one hundred objects organized by date and region. In browsing the exhibit, my attention was drawn to precious metals used for currency, which can serve as a lens to examine the relationship between the metropoles and their respective colonies. Arguably the most important and influential category of commodity to come out of The New World was precious metals, especially gold and silver, which were used for several purposes of which the most prominent was currency. Although many of the metropoles came to rely heavily on the extraction of raw metals from their colonies, long before the discovery of riches at Potosi, countries such as France, Germany, and the United Kingdom utilized metals (precious or not) in their respective coinage processes. A review of this online exhibition offers a worthwhile insight into the evolution of currency throughout mainland Europe. An examination of Roman Iron Age coins, Gold Solidus of Justinian, and Gold Pavillon of Phillip IV, accentuates the many uses of metal coins, the centrality of symbolism, and the culturally relative meanings these mediums of exchange frequently assume.

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One of the first objects in the collection, these Roman Iron Age coins provide an insight into some of the offerings at the Romano-Celtic temple at Wanborough in Surrey England. One side of the coin is marked by the side profile of what one would assume to be a political or ideological figure of great significance. While the other side of the coin is marked by both Latin scripture and the image of a bore. It is worth noting that in ancient Celtic culture, the boar was an animal widely lauded, second only to the horse. Not only does this early coin speak to markers of identification, which we continue to employ, it also raises questions regarding the role money plays in a divine context. As was the case with this artifact, coins discovered in places of worship are often found in hundreds, even thousands. How did these coins reach their final resting place? Were they given as an offering to the Gods, a payment to temple officials, or merely an entry fee into the holy sanctuary? All things considered,

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Iron Age Offerings From Wanborough Roman Temple (Circa 150 BCE)

this coin speaks to the pervasiveness and necessity of currency beyond just the realm of commerce.

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Gold Solidus of Justinian (527 - 528 AD)

Another noteworthy object in the collection is a gold coin minted in the western part of the Holy Roman Empire, in Constantinople, during the reign of Byzantine emperor Justinian I (AD 527 - 565). One side of the coin is marked by an image of Justinian wearing an elegant robe typical of late Roman emperors. The other side of the coin is marked by a figure associated with victory, a common design on Roman coins, but particularly relevant to Justinian given the extent of his victories in North Africa. The prevalence of these coins throughout much of Northwestern Europe is indicative of two contemporary trends. On the one hand, the increased minting of Justinian coins beginning in 527 AD to pay soldiers is illustrative of the expensive nature of military campaigns. From an early stage, it becomes evidently clear that the amassing and distribution of money will play a central role in military conflict. Moreover, the mere fact that the coin was found throughout Europe, accentuates the interconnectedness of the known world. It is widely perceived that “globalization” is a relatively recent trend; however, discoveries such as this illustrate that commerce has long linked far away lands.


Introduced in 1339 AD, this gold Pavillon put France at the forefront of European coinage. Throughout Europe, gold coins would soon replace the silver coins that had been the norm for some time now. From mostly Hungary and Africa, via Italy, gold flowed into France in

exchange for silver. In doing so, France created the visual language of gold coinage and set the standard for the intricate designs that would come to mark these coins. On the front of the coin, the king is shown seated under a pavilion-style canopy (hence the coin’s name) decorated with fleurs-de-lis, the principal symbol of French royalty. The back of the coin is marked by an ornamentally decorated cross. More broadly speaking, this coin is indicative of major trends which would soon mark European commerce. On the one hand, in returning to the minting of gold coins, France set the stage for Europe’s reliance on foreign lands to produce the necessary precious metals. On the other hand, in utilizing ornate and flamboyant

designs, currencies were increasingly seen as a symbol of power.

 

This exhibit serves to highlight the continuities apparent in the evolution of European metal coins. In doing so, the objects on display draw attention to the versatility of metal coins, the markers of identification, and the different meanings and uses objects assume in varying contexts. Despite the many merits of the exhibit, linkages among disparate items are presented in a superficial way, lacking explanation. In an online exhibit, one is not guided by the physical construction of the museum itself. Rather, an individual is free to click wherever they want, even on entirely unrelated items. Thus, it would be worthwhile for the online exhibit to mirror the de facto practice of organizing related items by room. Despite the potentially disorienting effects of the lack of organization, the Museum of the World offer visitors worthwhile insight into Pre-Colonial history of European coinage.  

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Gold Pavillon of Philip VI

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